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Snack day2: The longest / Biggest Rivers of the World

Daily Snack : Coldest Place on Earth

You want to talk about world records, Antarctica is the land of extremes. It is the coldest, windiest, and highest continent anywhere on earth. With an average elevation about 7,544ft/2,300 meters above sea level it is the highest continent. Even though it is covered in ice it receives some of the least amount of rainfall, getting just slightly more rainfall than the Sahara Desert, making it the largest desert on earth. Most people have the misconception that a desert is a hot, dry, sandy, lifeless place, but the true definition of a desert is any geographical location that receives very, very little rainfall. Even though there’s ice on the ground in Antarctica, that ice has been there for a very long time.

Antarctica is the only continent that has never had an indigenous population of humans because it has always been such an extreme environment. Just the boat ride getting to the continent is over the most treacherous seas anywhere in the world. The inaccessibility of the place and the lack of reliable food and means for constructing shelter has kept humans away for thousands of years. But the new technologies developed over the last 200 years made it possible for people to reach these icy shores to explore and study the Antarctic for the first time in human history.

Since there are no people who claim Antarctica as their homeland, exploration of the continent has been shared by all nations of the world. Scientists from all over the world – Russia, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South America, and many others – come to this place in an internationally cooperative agreement to study the truly unique qualities of Antarctica. Many scientific stations have been constructed on Antarctica to provide shelter and supplies for scientists doing field work there.

Meet a scientist who’s been to Antarctica – even went diving under the ice!

Some scientists actually live on Antarctica for part of the year to conduct their research. Very few scientists stay there more than six months at a time. The sun rises and sets only once a year at the South Pole, which means there are six months of daylight, followed by six months of darkness. During the winter when there is no sun, the Antarctic becomes an even more hostile place to be – colder than cold, BONE-CHILLING cold, and no daylight. Can you imagine living in darkness 24 hours a day? That would almost be like living out in space! Hey…..

At first, the scientific value of studying the Antarctic was just for the sake of understanding this strange place. Recently, scientists have theorized that the conditions in the Antarctic are similar to those on Mars. Because of the similarities exploration of the Antarctic has taken on a new meaning for the search for signs of life in the most extreme environments. Antarctica is not only fascinating itself, but serves as an excellent laboratory for studying the effects of space travel, developing new technologies for exploring other planets and finding extraterrestrial (yeah, alien) life.

Many, many fascinating things have been discovered in the Antarctic that have challenged some of our most basic ideas about what life on earth means. Some really cool factoids:

Deepest Earth Depression: The lowest point on earth is located in the basin of the Bentley Subglacial Trench. At -2,555 meters (8,325 feet) below sea level it is the world’s lowest elevation not under seawater. It is not accessible because it is buried under the thickest ice yet discovered.

90% of the ice on earth is located in Antarctica. There is so much ice there you could carve up a block of ice the size of the Great Giza pyramid for every human being on the planet! 98% of Antarctica is covered in ice.

Marine Life: Some species of fish that live in the waters around Antarctica are specially adapted to life in near-freezing waters. Most living creatures on this planet have hemoglobin in their blood, which gives it that red color we all know so well. These particular species of fish, however, have extremely low levels of hemoglobin in their blood. So low that their blood isn’t even red! They also have natural antifreeze in their bodies to protect them from freezing to death. (Even if you’re a fish and the water in all the cells of your body freezes and turns to ice crystals, you die. ‘Nuff said). If you were to catch one of these fish and cut it open the blood, gills and all the organs would be WHITE.

 

Weather: Yes, the Antarctic has the coldest temperatures on the earth, but that shouldn’t surprise you. (Coldest reported temperature ever was -89.4°C/-129°F.) What most people don’t know is that the South Pole has the clearest, calmest weather anywhere on earth. Most of the wickedly high winds that everyone associates with the cold and the ice of the Antarctic are around the edges of the continent at the shores. These winds are so fast and so fierce they are world-famous and they have a special name, too – katabatic winds – and they can blow with hurricane force up to 304kmh/190 mph!

Believe it or not with all the ice in the Antarctic, there is very little actual snowfall or precipitation. It does snow on the ice during the austral winter, but measured on an annual basis the Antarctic is as dry as the Sahara Desert.

Antarctic Ice – The Ultimate Cool

Many scientists study Antarctic ice because it is more than just ice. It has accumulated over time, layer upon layer, building up over the millennia to create a type of sedimentary rock. Yes, rock. Ice crystals can be considered a type of mineral, and glacial ice is composed of crystals of the “mineral” water. Just like sedimentary rock is created over time by the repeated layering of particles of clay or sand, glacial ice builds up over millions of years by the build up of snow that never melts.

Scientists drill down deep into the ice with a drill that works kind of like a cookie cutter, only it cuts out some really deep cookies of ice. These core samples contain many layers of ice that represent what the earth’s atmosphere was like at the time each layer of ice was formed. By studying the layers of ice in the core samples scientists can learn about how the earth’s atmosphere has changed over geologic time.

In the winter time the ocean around Antarctica freezes for thousands of miles in all directions. This vast expanse of ice surrounding the already immense Antarctic ice sheet covers over eleven million square kilometers. The annual freezing of the ocean around Antarctica generates deep ocean currents worldwide. Differences in ocean temperature are what cause weather all over the globe. Some scientists fear that if the global climate gets too warm or too cold it could affect the formation of Antarctic ice, changing the climate as we know it all over the world.

Daily Snack : Wettest Place In the World

It’s ironic that the wettest place in the world manages to thirst for water each winter when no rain falls at all for months at a time. The type of weather phenomenon that brings so much rain to this part of the world is called the monsoons. Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow from one direction for approximately six months, bringing torrential rains, and then blow from the opposite direction for the remaining six months, during which little rain falls. During the wet season moist air is cooled as it blows over rising land, letting abundant rain fall on the windward side of mountain ranges. But because of widespread destruction of conifer forests that protected the soil, the ground does not absorb the rain that falls so heavily during the monsoon season. The city of Cherrapunji is 1290 meters above sea level and much of the torrential rains run off the mountains into the valley below. The irrigation system for the town of Cherrapunji is insufficient to provide adequate amounts of clean, potable water from below during the dry season. People who live there frequently have to travel on foot for several kilometers to bathe and get drinking water .

e oceans are the chief source of rain, but lakes and rivers also contribute to it. The sun’s heat evaporates the water. It remains in the atmosphere as an invisible vapor until it condenses, first into clouds and then into raindrops. Condensation happens when the air is cooled. For raindrops to form there must be particulate matter in the air, such as dust or salt, at temperatures above freezing. These particles are called condensation nuclei. When the nuclei are cooled to temperatures below the freezing point, water condenses around them in layers. The particles become so heavy they resist updrafts and fall through the clouds as rain.

In Cherrapunji it rains so much for two reasons:

• Here’s a place that holds a close second to Cherrapunji: Mount Waialeale, Kauai 
• This place holds the unofficial world record, because the record is an estimate (523.6 in/13.3m): Lloro, Colombia

Daily Snack : Hottest Place In the World

Awesome Facts:

How Hot is Hot?

There are many places on earth that are plenty hot – record-breaking hot. In fact, there’s a good chance on the day this record-breaking temperature was recorded by a meteorological station in El Azizia in 1922 there were other places hundreds of miles away that were even hotter.

 

In all likelihood, this record temperature has been exceeded since then in many places on earth, but we have no official records of the temperatures. It is important to note that when atmospheric temperatures are recorded it is not the surface temperature, where it can sometimes reach 150° F/ 66° C, but rather the air temperature at about 5 feet (1.6 m) above the surface in an enclosed shelter. Of course, it’s important that the temperature sensor is not exposed to direct sunlight – the shelter is louvered to permit air flow across the sensor. Most humans don’t ‘hang out’ where some of the hottest tempertatures on earth are regularly experienced so there aren’t a lot of meterological stations in these places to reliably record extreme temperatures.

As big as the earth is, over two thirds of its surface is covered in water from the oceans. The remaining one-third of the earth’s surface is exposed as dry land for us to live on, but a third of that dry land is really dry. In fact, it’s inhospitable desert. Much of the deserts in the world are clustered between 5 to 30 degrees north and south of the equator, in what are called subtropical zones. Scientists have theorized that these desert belts are due to two things:

1) Heat (read more about the Sun)

2) Lack of moisture

Duh? Anybody who’s ever been outside on a hot summer day, all day, knows that. Just about every continent on earth that is inhabited by humans experiences seasonal weather changes, with a distinct winter and summer. Just because there’s hot, dry weather during the summer, doesn’t mean that where you live is going to turn into a desert. What makes the desert so hot and dry is the climactic conditions that are sustained almost continually, year round. Any part of the world that’s hot and dry for long enough periods throughout the year won’t be able to support much plant or animal life. Living things need water to survive.

Why is it so Dry All the Time?

First, the air in the earth’s atmosphere is warmest around the equator (because the sun reaches the earth at a direct 90° angle) so that warmer air rises and flows north and south of the equator. As the air “piles” up in the northern and southern latitudes, these zones of “piled-high” warm air become permanent high pressure zones. As the air at the “bottom of the pile” descends toward the earth it gets warmed up even more. Because this descending warm air has no clouds (i.e., condensing water vapor), that allows the burning sun to go right through the air and heat the land mass below even more. Hence, extreme heat.

Warm air can hold a lot more moisture (water vapor) than colder air. Unless this really warm air contacts some much cooler air (or cooler land mass), there’s nothing to coax the moisture out of the air in the form of precipitation (rain, fog). Hence, lack of moisture.

What Goes Around, Comes Around

This hot air moves northward and southward of the equator, almost continuously in the form of reliable winds called the Trade Winds. As these warm winds circulate back around towards the equator they rise into the upper atmosphere again, cooling. The water vapor in the cooling air mass condenses and rains, and rains and rains all over the equator in the Tropical zones. All this rain makes the land mass around the equator the lushest, wettest, most densely forested in the world (plants love water!). It’s ironic that the wettest and hottest places in the world occur within just a few thousand miles of each other.

Though the hottest place in the world, El Azizia, is a desert, not all deserts are hot. Antarctica, for example, is the driest continent on earth, getting less than 4 in/10cm of precipitation a year. What characterizes or defines a desert is the lack of precipitation – less than 10 in/25.4cm per year. In the Antarctic, there is very little precipitation in the form of rain or snow. Even though there’s water, water everywhere it’s locked up in the form of ice.

Death Valley comes in a close second, at
134° F/ 56.6°C on July 10, 1913.
(Photo: NPS).

Snack day1: Most Driest Place on Earth

The Atacama desert is nestled along the coast of Chile, South America – right next to the Pacific Ocean – the biggest body of water in the world. Much of the desert extends up into the Andes mountains and is very high in elevation. Unlike more familiar deserts, like the Sahara desert in Africa and the Mojave in California, the Atacama is actually a pretty cold place, with average daily temperatures ranging between 0°C and 25°C. The annual rainfall (or lack of it) defines a desert, but that doesn’t mean that it never rains in Atacama. Every so often a warming effect over the Pacific Ocean around the equator changes the weather the world over and even places like the driest desert in the world can become doused with drenching storms. Even though Atacama gets almost no rainfall, there is water in this arid place and you’ll find it in the following places:

 

Salt Lakes

During years of heavy rainfall in the distant past, enough water accumulated in basins found throughout the Andes to create lakes. Some of the lakes got their water from melting glaciers at the end of the last ice age. But in some lakes in the Andes mountains, such as Atacama, more water is lost through evaporation than is replaced by rainfall so the lakes are drying up. As the water evaporates, the mineral salts in the water become more concentrated, creating very salty water.

Snow

In the higher elevations when precipitation comes to Atacama snow falls instead of rain. There are small patches of unmelted snow in the mountain tops where in never gets warm enough to melt the snow.

Underground

Anywhere you go in the world, regardless of how much or little it rains, there is always water underground. After it rains, some of the rainwater evaporates back into the air, but much of it trickles down into the ground and stays there – even in the desert. How much water and where depends on a number of things; soil composition, air and soil surface temperature, amount and frequency of rainfall/precipitation, and drainage. Since the Andes is a volcanically active mountain range, the magma beneath the ground will heat the groundwater in certain places causing geysers to erupt.

 

Fog and Dew

Most of the precipitation that comes to the Atacama is in the form of fog that blows in the from the Pacific. Fog is essentially very low clouds, consisting of water vapor cooling and beginning to condense. If you’ve ever been in fog you know that it can leave you a little moist. When the air temperature reaches dew point the water vapor in the air condenses to leave little droplets of water behind. The few things that are able to survive in the Atacama live on the combined moisture from fog and dew.

Many people have the view that deserts are places forsaken by Mother Nature and that no living thing would possibly want to set up camp in a place so dry. Although it is tough to find anything living in the Atacama there are isolated pockets and small patches of plants, which support life for animals and insects. Some plant species have adapted well to this dry environment by developing tap roots that run very deep into the ground gathering water from below. There are flocks of flamingos that live in and around the salt lakes feeding on red algae that grows in the waters. There are even people living in the Atacama.

There is a town called Calama in the desert which is complete with motels, restaurants and

This mummy of a girl is from the Atacama Desert. Her remains are estimated to be about 800 years old. Find out more about mummies.

shops, but it is definitely not the norm. For the most part, Atacama is a pretty lonely place. Humans have lived in the Atacama for many thousands of years, based on the cultural relics and artifacts that archaeologists have found. The South American Indians who have set up housekeeping in the desert over the millennia have left relics from their culture and even themselves. Because the Atacama is so bone-dry the bodies of the buried indians have dried perfectly preserved turning them into mummies. Some of the oldest mummies found anywhere on earth have come from the Atacama Desert and have been dated to be 9,000 years old!

What Causes Deserts?

One reason is that the high atmospheric pressure in this region over the Andes can cause dry, cold air from the upper altitudes to compress and come down to earth. This dry air has almost no water vapor so it can be easily heated by the sun, causing high ground temperatures with very low humidity.

Another reason that the Atacama doesn’t get enough rainfall is because of a phenomenon called rainshadow. The warm, moist tropical air that blows on the tradewinds from the east, which douse the South American rainforest, get hung-up on the east side of the Andes. The mountains are so high in altitude that the air cools, condenses and rains (or snows) on the mountains. As the air descends the other side of the mountain range it warms, holding in its moisture preventing rain from falling on to the ground below.

This is one of the reasons why the Amazon basin and river are the largest anywhere in the world. The mountains that cause the Amazon to be the largest river from collecting all the rainfall are also responsible for preventing the Atacama from ever receiving any rainfall. The driest and one of the wettest places in the world are right next to each other!

Largest Land Animal In The World – African Elephant

Elephants are Land Giants

Imagine six, full-size pick-up trucks stacked on top of each other. That’s how much the largest African elephant weighed. There are other species of elephants, namely the Asian and the Indian, but they are much smaller than the African

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The African elephant is the king among the giants on land. No other land animal comes close to the size of these creatures. It would take 165 full-grown men to make up the same weight as the world’s record African elephant (see Awesome Stats at left). The noise of an elephant digesting its food (when its tummy’s growling) can be heard up to 600ft/183m away. Elephants actually have control over their digestive processes because they are able to stop the sounds of digestion when they sense danger. Here are some other cool elephant factoids:

· In one year an elephant can drink 15,000 gal/57,000 liters of water

· Male elephants usually weigh about 16,500 lbs/7,425 kgs and are about 20 ft/6.1m long

· Elephants have only FOUR teeth, which they can lose and replace up to six times

· African elephants can live as long as 70 years

An Elephant Never Forgets 

Elephants are very intelligent animals, with a sophisticated system of communicating. Like whales, they can create sounds that are outside the range of human hearing (called subsonic* sound). By blowing air through large chambers in their nasal passages they can create low rumbling sounds that can carry as far as five miles (8kms). No matter how loudly you screamed, even through a megaphone or a public address microphone, you couldn’t be heard by another person five miles away! Being able to communicate with other groups of elephants helps the elephants to detect danger and warn others, as well as to find water, which is extremely scarce in some parts of Africa. African elephants are intelligent enough to be able to detect water flowing underground and have been seen digging up water in a riverbed that has run dry. Elephants really are amazing animals!!!!

TOP RATINGS : TOP 50 Pakistan Colleges / Universities

List of colleges/universities in Pakistan. Click on any college name to view details.

Abbottabad

Ayub Medical College

Frontier Medical College

Hazara University Dhodial, Mansehra

Bahawalpur

Quaid-e-Azam Medical College

The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur

The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur

Faisalabad

Punjab College of Commerce

Agriculture University

AL-KHAIR Textile Institute

Excellent College for Girls

Faisalabad College of Science & Commerce

Govt. College University

ITHM College

M.A. Jinnah Group of Colleges

National College of Textile Education

National Textile University

Pakistan College of Commerce

Punjab Medical College

Shiblee College of Commerce & Science

The City College of Commerce

University College for Women Faisalabad (UCF)

University of Faisalabad

Gujranwala

GIFT University

Govt. Islamia College

Govt. Islamia College, Gujranwala

University of The Punjab

Hyderabad

Liaquat Medical College

Islamabad

Air University

Allama Iqbal Open University

Bahria Institutes of Management & Com. Sci.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sci. and Tech.

Foundation University

Institute of Science and Technology

International Islamic University

MIHS(Margalla Institute)

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

National University of Comp. & Emerging Sci.

NUML

Pakistan Institute of Eng. & Applied Sci.

PIDE

Quaid-i-Azam University

Riphah International University

Jamshoro

Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

Jhang

Govt. College

Karachi

Aga Khan Medical College

Aga Khan university

Al-Khair University

Altamasha Institute of Dental Medicine

ANEES HUSSAIN

ANIS HASSAN School of Accoyntancy

Baqai Medical University

CAA Model School & College Jiap Karachi

CAM School of Law

Centre Of Finance Exellence

CPSP

Dow Medical College

Fatima Jinnha Dentel College

Hamdard University

Indus Institute of Higher Education

Institute of Business Administration

Institute of Business and Technology

Institute of Business Management

IOBM

Jinnah Medical and Dental College

Karachi Medical and Dental College

Karachi University

Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Newports Institute of Communication & Economics

Prestion Institute of management science & tech.

Progressive Public School

School of Business Studies ( SBS )

Sind Medical College

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology

The College of Engineering PAF.

Usman Instituate IT

Ziauddin Medical Universit

Khuzdar

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Lahore

Aitchison College

Allama Iqbal Medical College

Allied College Of Textile Management & Administrat

Altus College

Aptech

Beaconhouse National University

CAPS

Centre of Financial Excellence

College Of Tourism & Multimedia Computing

COMSATS

CORVIT

Cosmin Education Services

Defence Degree College of Women

Edge Systems International

European University

FJMC

Forman Christian College University

Gates College

Global College

Government College For Women

Govt College Of Tecnology

Govt College University

Govt. Apwa College (Women) Lahore

Govt. College of Home Economics,

Govt. College of Science

Govt. Dyal Singh College

Govt. Fatima Jinnah College For Women

Govt. Islamia College

Govt. Islamia College For Women

Hailey College of Banking and Finance

Hailey College of Commerce

Hajvery University

IBA Grads

Imperial College of Business Studies

Institute Of Computer And Emerging Sciences

Institute Of Management Sciences (IMS Pakaims)

Institute Of Toursim & Hotal Management

Iqra University Lahore

ISA(Institute Of South Asia)

Islamia College Of Commerce

Jamia Ashrafia

King Edward Medical College

Kinnaird College for Women

KIPS College

Lahore College for Women University

Lahore Grammer College(Only For Girls)

Lahore Law College

Lahore Medical & Dental College Lahore

Lahore School Of Economics

Lahore School of Information Technology

Lahore University Of Management Sciences (LUMS)

Leads Group Of Colleges

lums

lums

Minhaj Colleges

National College of Arts (NCA)

National College of Business Admin. & Eco.(NCBA&E)

National Institute of Languages

National Textile College & Management Institute

National Textile College of Manag. Sci.

National University (FAST)

NETCOMM

Newports University

NK-FACT

OPSTEC

Oriental College Of Arts

Pakistan College Of Law

Pakistan Finance College

Pakistan Institute of Management

Peak Solution

Petroman Institute of Management Sciences

Premier College

Preston University

Preston University Of Pakistan

PUCIT

Punjab Inst. Of Medical Studies

Punjab University

Quaid-e-Azam College

Quaid-e-Azam College (QCIT)

Queen Mary College

Renaissance, The School

Resource Academia

Scholars College of Computer Science

SERVICES INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (SIMS)

Sharif Trust Institute Of Information Tecnology

Skills Institute of Information Technology

Sofia College Of Arts & Sci.

ST.Anthony College

Standered College

STEP

super

Superior

superior

superior

Superior College

superior info

The City (APIIT)

The Educators College

The Minhaj University

The University Of Lahore

UMT

Unique College

University Law College

University of Central Punjab

University of Education

University of Engineering and Technology (UET)

University of Management And Technology (UMT)

University of South Asia

Virtual University

West Minster College

Wise Girls College

Larkana

Chandka Medical College

Multan

Bahauddin Zakariya University

BZ University College of Engineering & Technology

NISHTAR MEDICAL COLLEGE

Muzaffarabad

AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR UNIVERSITY

Nawabshah

Peoples Medical College

Quaid-e-Awam University of Eng. and Tech.

Peshawar

Agriculture University Peshawar

CECOS University

Gandhara University

KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE

Sarhad University

Quetta

Balochistan University of Info. Tech.& Mang. Sci

Bolan Medical College

Site Engineer (03)

test

The Command and Staff College

University of Balochistan

Rahim Yar Khan

SHEIKH ZAYED MEDICAL COLLEGE

RawalPindi

APCOMS

Army Medical College

Barani Institute of Information Technology

Fatima Jinnah Women University

Fauji Foundation College for Boys

Islamic International Medical College

NUST

Rawalpindi Medical College

Sargodha

University of Sargodha

Sudhnuti

Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University

Taxila

University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

Topi

GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences

TOP RATINGS : TOP 100 Highest Mountain Peaks In The World

See Named Summits in the U.S. Over 14,000 Feet Above Sea Level for U.S. Peaks.

See also Climbing the World’s 14 8,000-meter Peaks, The Seven Summits, Mortals on Mount Olympus: A History of Climbing Everest, and the Everest Almanac.

1. The 1954 elevation of Everest, 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) was revised on Nov. 11, 1999, and now stands at 29,035 ft. (8,850 m).

2. Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan, and China, and the three countries dispute the boundaries.

Source: National Geographic Society.

TOP RATINGS : TOP 10 Mountain Ranges In The World